1. Full Text Volume of the Manuscript (Scientific Article)

   The full text volume of the manuscript (scientific article) should be 4,200 characters (including spaces) and should not exceed 40,000 characters (including spaces). The number of words in the text can be determined through the Word menu (“File” — “View document properties” — “Statistics”).

   Text Format of the Manuscript

   The text is typed using fonts included in Windows; if this is not possible, the fonts should be provided to the editorial office along with the article. The text should be printed in Times New Roman font, with a size of  14 pt and a line spacing of 1.5 pt. Margins on each side of the page should be 2.5 cm. Emphasis in the text can only be done using italic or bold font.

   Structure of the Text

   The structure of the text should correspond to the template provided below (may vary depending on the type of work).

   Russian-Language Abstract

   Article Title The title of the article should reflect the subject and theme of the article, as well as the main goal (question) set by the author to address the theme.

   Authors. When listing the authors of the article, it is necessary to provide their full names (e.g., Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich), followed by their academic degree and title on the next line.

   Institutions. The official FULL name of the institution (without abbreviations) must be provided. After the institution’s name, the city and country should be written on the next line.

   E-mail of each author.

   Identifier (if available) ORCID (http://orcid.org/), eLibrary SPIN-code (http://elibrary.ru/projects/science_index/author_tutorial.asp)

   Abstract. The abstract should be structured (if the work is original): relevance, purpose, materials and methods, results, conclusion. The text of the abstract for the Russian-language article should not exceed 150 words.

   Keywords. It is necessary to provide keywords — from 7 to 10, which contribute to indexing the article in search engines. Keywords should be provided in both Russian and English.

   English-Language Abstract

   Article Title. The English title should be correctly translated from the Russian, fully corresponding in meaning to the Russian title.

   Author Names. Full names should be written according to the foreign passport or as previously published in foreign journals. For authors publishing for the first time and without a foreign passport, the BSI transliteration standard should be used (see below).

   Affiliation. The OFFICIAL ENGLISH NAME of the institution must be provided. The most complete list of institution names and their official English versions can be found on the RANEPA eLibrary.ru website.

   Abstract. The English version of the abstract should fully correspond in meaning and structure to the Russian version.

   Keywords. Keywords should be provided in both Russian and English.

   Full Text (in Russian or English)

   The full text should be structured into sections: “Introduction” (justification of the topic, literature and source review, description of methods, objectives and tasks of the study), “Main Part” (divided into semantic blocks with subtitles), “Conclusion” (summarizes the author’s research, briefly reports the results and evaluates their significance; quoting and references are not recommended).

   The following sections should be translated into English (the translation should correspond to the Russian text):

   – article title;
   – authors’ full names, academic degree, title, organization name, city, country;
   – abstract;
   – keywords;
   – authors’ contributions;
   – acknowledgments;
   – conflict of interest;
   – list of references (formatted in References, see above).

   Additional Information (in Russian and English)

   Conflict of Interest Information. Authors should disclose any potential and explicit conflicts of interest related to the manuscript. A conflict of interest may be any situation (financial relationships, service or employment in institutions with financial or political interest in the published materials, official duties, etc.) that could influence the author’s manuscript and lead to the concealment, distortion of data, or alteration of their interpretation. The presence of a conflict of interest for one or more authors is NOT a reason for rejecting the article. The concealment of potential and explicit conflicts of interest by the authors, identified by the editorial office, may be a reason for refusing to consider and publish the manuscript.

   Funding Information. The source of funding for both the scientific work and the publication process (fund, commercial or government organization, private individual, etc.) must be indicated. The amount of funding does not need to be specified.

   Acknowledgments. Authors may express their gratitude to individuals and organizations that contributed to the publication of the article in the journal but are not its authors.

   Information on the Contribution of Each Author (and persons listed in the “Acknowledgments” section). Example:
   Author Contributions: Petrov Petr Petrovich — concept and design of the study; Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich — collection and processing of materials; Nikolaev Nikolay Nikolayevich — analysis of the obtained data, writing of the text.

   Self-citation should be avoided, except in cases where it is necessary (for example, if there are no other sources of information or if the current work is based on or a continuation of the cited studies). It is desirable to limit excessive self-citation.

   All sources in the list of references should be formatted according to GOST R 7.0.5-2008.

   The list of sources in References should fully correspond to the list of references. Unlike the list of references, Russian-language sources in References should be provided in their Latin equivalent — they should be written in the Roman alphabet:

   – those originally Russian-language sources (and their parts) for which there is an official English (or other language using the Roman alphabet) translation should be provided in translation;
   – those sources (or parts of the bibliographic description) for which there is no translation should be paraphrased into English.

   Figures

   The volume of graphic material should be minimal (except in works where this is justified by the nature of the research). Each figure should be accompanied by a numbered caption. References to figures in the text are mandatory.

    Tables

   They should be placed in the text of the article, have a numbered title, and clearly marked columns, convenient and understandable for reading. The data in the tables should correspond to the figures in the text but should not duplicate the information presented in it. References to tables in the text are mandatory.

   All rights to the article belong to the authors. The authors transfer the rights to use the article, including its use in open access, to the journal publisher under the terms of the non-exclusive license provided below (Author Agreement (public offer)). All copyrights remain with the authors.

    Author Agreement (Public Offer) for Publishing an Article in the Scientific Journal “Vestnik of Economics and Law”

   Limited Liability Company “Epomen” in the person of the General Director, Usenko Anatoly Sergeevich, acting on the basis of the Charter (hereinafter — the Publisher), on the one hand, and an indefinite circle of persons (hereinafter — the Author), on the other hand, hereinafter jointly referred to as the Parties, agree to conclude this Agreement (hereinafter — the Agreement) on the publication of scientific materials (hereinafter – the Article) in the scientific journal “Vestnik of Economics and Law” (hereinafter — the Journal) under the following conditions.

    General Provisions

   1.1. This Agreement, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 437 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is a public offer (hereinafter — the Offer), the full and unconditional acceptance (acceptance) of which, in accordance with Article 438 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is considered to be the submission of the Author’s materials by uploading them to the electronic network system for accepting articles for consideration, located in the appropriate section of the Journal’s website at URL: epomen.ru in the Internet.

   1.2. In accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the observance of copyright on electronic information resources, the materials of the site, electronic journal or project cannot be fully or partially reproduced in any form (electronic or printed) without the prior consent of the authors and the editorial board of the journal, which can be expressed by placing the corresponding permission (open Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 CC BY-NC license) in the appropriate section of the Journal’s website (where the published materials are located) in the Internet. When using published materials in the context of other documents, a link to the original source is required.

   1.3. The Journal is registered with the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology, and Mass Media (Roskomnadzor).

   Terms Used in the Agreement

   Author – a natural person (persons) whose creative work created the Article.

   Acceptance of the Offer – full and unconditional acceptance of the Offer on the terms specified in paragraph 3 of the Agreement (the Author accepts the Offer by submitting an application to the Publisher – uploading the Article and accompanying materials to the electronic network system for accepting articles for consideration, located in the appropriate section of the Journal’s website at URL: epomen.ru in the Internet).

   Journal – “Vestnik of Economics and Law”.

   Application – an electronic request from the Author to the Publisher for placing the Article in the Journal by uploading the article and accompanying materials to the electronic network system for accepting articles for consideration, located in the appropriate section of the Journal’s website at URL: epomen.ru in the Internet.

   Publisher – Limited Liability Company “Epomen”, the founder and publisher of the Journal.

   Metadata of the Article – materials in Russian and English intended for inclusion in scientific citation databases in accordance with the original version of the Article: article title; information about authors (last name, first name, patronymic of the author (authors) in full, place of work of each author with indication of the postal address, contact information (e-mail) for each author; abstract; keywords; thematic rubricator: UDC or other library and bibliographic classification and subject indexes; bibliography list (list of references).

   Offer – this document (offer to the Author) for publishing the Article by placing it on the Journal’s website at URL: epomen.ru in the Internet.

   Publication – placing the Article in the Journal.

   Editorial Board – the creative team responsible for preparing the Journal for publication.

   Editorial Council – the advisory body of the Editorial Board.

   Article – the result of fundamental and applied scientific research in the form of a scientific material, a review scientific material, a scientific report, a bibliographic review on certain topics of scientific research, a historical note dedicated to figures of Russian and foreign science, submitted by the Author for publication in the Journal.

   Parties – the Author and the Publisher.

   Requirements for Articles – requirements for materials published in the Journal, located in the “Authors” section of the Journal’s website at URL: http://epomen.ru/poryadok-i-usloviya-publikatsii.html in the Internet.

   Service – placing (publishing) the Article in the Journal based on the Author’s Application.

   Subject of the Agreement (Offer)

   3.1. Under this Agreement, the Author grants the Publisher on a royalty-free basis for the term of the copyright provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation, a non-exclusive license to use the Article created by the Author for publication in the Journal.

   3.2. The rights to use the Article, transferred under this Agreement, include, but are not limited to:

   – reproduction of the Article or its individual part, as well as metadata of the article in Russian and English in any material form, including on paper and electronic media in the form of a separate work in journals and/or databases (local or on the Internet) of the Publisher and/or other persons, at the discretion of the Publisher;
   – distribution of the Article or its individual part, as well as metadata of the article in Russian and English on any media as part of the Journal and/or databases of the Publisher or other persons, at the discretion of the Publisher, or as a separate work worldwide on open access or subscription terms without payment to the Author;
   – making the Article or its individual part, as well as metadata of the article in Russian and English available to the public in such a way that any person can access the Article from any place and at any time of their choice (including via the Internet);
   – granting permission to use the Article and its individual parts, as well as metadata of the article in Russian and English to third parties with notification of the Author about this by placing the corresponding information on the Journal’s website without payment to the Author;
   – processing, including translation of the Article into foreign languages, and using the processed (translated) Article in the above ways;
   – other rights not explicitly transferred to the Publisher under this Agreement, including patent rights to any processes, methods, or other described by the Author in the Article, as well as rights to trademarks, remain with the Author.

   3.3. The territory on which the rights to the Article are permitted to be used is not limited.

   3.4. The effect of this Agreement arises from the moment the Article is submitted to the Journal – uploading the Article and accompanying materials to the electronic network system for accepting articles for consideration, located in the appropriate section of the Journal’s website at URL: epomen.ru in the Internet (hereinafter — Uploading the Article).

   3.5. The rights are transferred by the Author to the Publisher free of charge, and the publication of the Article in the Journal does not entail any financial contributions from the Author.

   3.6. In case the Publisher decides to refuse to publish the Article in the Journal, this Agreement loses its force. The decision to refuse publication is sent to the Author at the email address specified in the Application.

   3.7. The Publisher undertakes to provide the Author with services related to the publication of the Article on the Journal’s website at URL: epomen.ru in the Internet for the term of the Agreement.

   General Conditions for Providing Services

   4.1. The Publisher provides services to the Author only if the following conditions are met:

   – the Author has provided all materials by uploading the article in accordance with the requirements of the Offer;
   – the Author has accepted the Offer.

   4.2. Services are provided to the Author on a paid basis (cost of services).

   4.3. If the materials are provided by the Author in violation of the rules and requirements of this Offer, the Publisher has the right to refuse to place them.

   4.4. The Publisher is not responsible for the unauthorized use by third parties of the data provided by the Author during the term of the Agreement.

   Rights and Obligations of the Parties

   5.1. The Author guarantees:

   – that he is the actual owner of the exclusive rights to the article; the rights granted to the Publisher under this Agreement were not previously transferred and will not be transferred to third parties until the Article is published by the Publisher in the Journal;
   – that the Article contains all references to the cited authors and/or publications (materials) provided by the current legislation on copyright;
   – that all necessary permissions for the results, facts, and other borrowed materials used in the Article, the rights holder of which the Author is not, have been obtained by the Author;
   – that the Article does not contain materials not subject to publication in open print in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, and its publication and distribution will not lead to the disclosure of secret (confidential) information (including state secrets);
   – that the Author has familiarized himself with the editorial policy and ethical principles published on the Journal’s website (epomen.ru), and the consequences of violating these principles, informed other Co-authors about the conditions of this Agreement and obtained the consent of all Co-authors to conclude this Agreement under the terms provided by the Agreement.

   5.2. The Author undertakes:

   – to submit the manuscript of the Article in accordance with the Requirements for Articles specified on the Journal’s website at URL: epomen.ru at the email address info@epomen.ru;
   – not to use the electronic copy of the Article, prepared by the Publisher, for commercial purposes and in other publications without the consent of the Publisher;
   – during the preparation of the Article for publication, the Author undertakes:
   a) to make corrections in the text of the Article, indicated by the reviewers and accepted by the Editorial Board of the Journal, and/or, if necessary, at the request of the Publisher and the Editorial Board, to finalize the Article;
   b) to read the proof of the Article within the deadlines specified in the Journal’s release schedule;
   c) to make only the minimum corrections in the proof of the Article, which are related to the need to correct errors made in the original of the Article and/or to make factual and current changes.

   5.3. The Author has the right:

   – to transfer the electronic copy of the published Article, provided to him by the Publisher according to paragraph 5.4 of this Agreement, in whole or in part to third parties for inclusion in databases and repositories of scientific information for the promotion of academic or scientific research or for informational and educational purposes, provided that references to the Author, the Journal, and the Publisher are maintained.

   5.4. The Publisher undertakes:

   – to publish the Author’s Article in electronic form in the Journal in accordance with the terms of this Agreement;
   – at the decision of the Editorial Board of the Journal, if necessary, to provide the Author with the proof of the Article and make the justified corrections of the Author;
   – to provide the Author with an electronic copy of the published Article to the Author’s email address within 15 working days from the date of the Journal’s issue publication;
   – to comply with the rights provided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as to protect them and take all necessary measures to prevent the violation of copyright by third parties.

     Publisher’s Rights

     5.5. The Publisher has the right to:

– conduct technical and literary editing of the Article without changing its main content;
– conduct an expert review of the Article and suggest the Author to make necessary changes, before the completion of which the Article will not be placed in the Journal;
– require from any subsequent permitted use by the Author (and/or other persons) of the Journal and/or the Article (including any of its individual parts, fragments) that the specified persons indicate a link to the Journal, the Publisher, the Author or other copyright holders, the title of the Article, the issue number of the Journal, and the year of publication, as indicated in the Journal;
– place preliminary and/or promotional information about the upcoming publication of the Article in the media and other information sources;
– establish rules (conditions) for the acceptance and publication of materials in the Journal. The Editorial Board of the Journal, headed by the Editor-in-Chief, has exclusive rights to select and/or reject materials submitted to the Journal for publication. The manuscript (material carrier) submitted by the Author to the Editorial Board of the Journal is not subject to return. The Editorial Board of the Journal does not engage in correspondence regarding the rejection of the Article by the Editorial Council of the Journal;
– temporarily suspend the provision of services to the Author under the Agreement for technical, technological, or other reasons preventing the provision of services, for the duration of the elimination of such reasons;
– suspend the provision of services under the Agreement unilaterally and out of court in cases:
a) if the Article does not correspond to the Journal’s theme (or any of its parts), or if the submitted material is insufficient for independent publication, or if the Article’s formatting does not meet the requirements;
b) if the Author violates other obligations assumed under the Offer;
– make changes to the Offer in the manner established by the Offer.

5.6. In all cases not specified and not provided for in this Agreement, the Parties must comply with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

Acceptance of the Offer and Conclusion of the Agreement. Term of the Agreement

6.1. This Agreement comes into force from the moment of its conclusion when the Author accepts the Offer by submitting an application to the Publisher – uploading the Article, and it is valid for 5 years.

6.2. The acceptance of the Offer by the Author creates the Agreement, concluded in writing (Articles 438 and 1286.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) on the terms of the Offer.

6.3. If neither Party sends the other Party a written notice of termination of the Agreement no later than two months before the end of the prescribed five-year term, the term of the Publisher’s rights to the Works is automatically extended for an analogous term. The number of extensions is not limited.

6.4. The term of the Agreement cannot exceed the term of the exclusive rights to the Article in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

6.5. If the exclusive right to the work is transferred (alienated) by the Author to a third party, the effect of this Agreement does not cease.

Procedure for Amending and Terminating the Agreement

7.1. The Publisher has the right to unilaterally change the terms of this Agreement, notifying the Author of this through the Journal’s website or by sending a notification via email to the Author’s email address specified in the Author’s Application at least 10 (ten) calendar days before the entry into force of the relevant changes. The changes come into force on the date specified in the corresponding notification.

7.2. In case the Author disagrees with the changes to the terms of this Agreement, the Author has the right to send the Publisher a written notice of refusal from this Agreement by uploading the notice to the electronic network system for accepting articles for consideration, located in the appropriate section of the Journal’s website at URL: epomen.ru in the Internet, or by sending the notice to the official email address of the Journal’s Editorial Board (info@epomen.ru).

7.3. This Agreement may be terminated prematurely:

– by mutual agreement of the Parties at any time;
– for other grounds provided by this Agreement.

7.4. The Author has the right to unilaterally refuse to fulfill this Agreement by sending the Publisher a corresponding notice in writing no later than 30 (thirty) calendar days before the expected date of publication of the Author’s article in the Journal.

7.5. The termination of the Agreement’s term for any reason does not release the Parties from liability for violations of the Agreement’s terms that occurred during its term.

Liability

8.1. The Parties are liable for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of their obligations under the Agreement in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

8.2. All information provided by the Author must be accurate. The Author is responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the information provided to the Publisher. If the Publisher uses inaccurate information obtained from the Author, the Publisher is not responsible for the negative consequences caused by its actions based on the provided inaccurate information.

8.3. The Author independently bears all responsibility for compliance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on advertising, on the protection of copyright and related rights, on the protection of trademarks and service marks, on the protection of consumer rights.

8.4. The Publisher is not liable under the Agreement:
a) for any actions that are a direct or indirect result of the Author’s actions;
b) for any losses of the Author regardless of whether the Publisher could have foreseen the possibility of such losses or not.

8.5. The Publisher is released from liability for violation of the Agreement’s terms if such violation is caused by force majeure circumstances, including actions of state authorities (including the adoption of legal acts), fire, flood, earthquake, other natural disasters, absence of electricity and/or malfunctions in the computer network, strikes, civil unrest, riots, any other circumstances.

Procedure for Resolving Disputes

9.1. Disputes and disagreements will be resolved by the Parties through negotiations, and in case of failure to reach an agreement – in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

9.2. In the presence of unresolved disagreements between the Parties, disputes are resolved in court at the location of the Publisher in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

Other Conditions

10.1. Any notifications, messages, requests, etc. (except for documents that must be sent in the form of original copies in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation) are considered received by the Author if they were transmitted (sent) by the Publisher through the journal’s website (including by publication), by fax, by email specified in the Author’s Application, and through other communication channels. The Parties recognize the legal force of notifications, messages, requests, etc., transmitted (sent) by the above methods.

10.2. In case claims are made against the Publisher related to the violation of exclusive copyrights and other intellectual property rights of third parties in the creation of the Article or in connection with the conclusion of this Agreement by the Author, the Author undertakes:

– immediately, after receiving a notification from the Publisher, take measures to resolve disputes with third parties, if necessary, join the court proceedings on the side of the Publisher and take all actions dependent on him to exclude the Publisher from the list of defendants;
– compensate the Publisher for the incurred court costs, expenses, and losses caused by the application of measures to secure the claim and the execution of the court decision, and the amounts paid to the third party for the violation of exclusive copyrights and other intellectual property rights, as well as other losses incurred by the Publisher due to the Author’s failure to comply with the guarantees provided under this Agreement.

10.3. In accordance with Article 6 of the Federal Law “On Personal Data” No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006, during the period from the conclusion of this Agreement until the termination of the obligations of the Parties under this Agreement, the Author expresses consent to the processing by the Publisher of the following personal data of the Author: last name, first name, patronymic; email addresses; postal address with index; information about places of work.

10.4. The Publisher has the right to process the specified personal data for the purposes of fulfilling this Agreement, including performing information and reference services for the Author. Personal data processing includes actions (operations) with personal data, including collection, systematization, accumulation, storage, clarification (updating, changing), extraction, copying, use, transfer (provision, access), including dissemination, anonymization, blocking, deletion, and destruction of personal data in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

10.5. The Author has the right to withdraw consent to the processing of personal data listed in paragraph 10.3 by sending the Publisher a corresponding notification in cases provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Upon receipt of the specified notification, the Publisher has the right to suspend the provision of services.

10.6. The Author voluntarily provides the Journal’s Editorial Board with information about himself (and about each of the Co-authors – after prior agreement with them) in the following composition: last name, first name, patronymic, academic degree, academic title, position, place of work (name and postal address of the organization), work phone number, and email address for their open publication in the Journal along with the publication of the article.

Conditions, Goals, Content, and Procedure for Processing Personal Data (hereinafter – PD) Using Automation Tools, Measures to Protect PD, as well as Activities Aimed at Detecting and Preventing Violations of the Legislation of the Russian Federation in the Field of PD, Which Are Carried Out by LLC “Epomen” (hereinafter – the Operator), Legal/Postal Address: Krasnodar, Krasnodar District, 2nd Apsheronsky Proezd, Building 11 “A”, Are Determined by the “Policy of LLC “Epomen” Regarding the Processing of Personal Data” (hereinafter – the Policy).

The Operator processes the PD of Portal Users of Scientific Journals of LLC “Epomen” (hereinafter – the Portal) in accordance with these Conditions within the framework of relationships with the Operator, regulated by the current Russian legislation and the Policy.
The Operator processes the following types of PD of Portal Users:
Last Name*
First Name*
Patronymic / Second Name (if available)
Email Address*
ORCID ID (if available)
SPIN-code (if available)
Scopus Author ID (if available)
ResearcherID (if available)
Publons Profile (if available)
Mendeley Profile (if available)
Academic Title (if available)
Academic Degree (if available)
Organization (place of work/study of the user)
The Operator has the right to process the above PD for the purposes of conducting the lawful activities of the mass media – the Journal, located on the Portal, including providing the User with information about the Journal through the website and by email.
The Portal User voluntarily provides the Operator with their PD along with the manuscript material for publication:

5.2.1. The sole author in the article or the corresponding author if there are several co-authors – for uploading the article to the Journal’s website for its consideration by the Journal’s editorial board and publication in the Journal. By uploading the article to the Journal’s website, the Author accepts the offer – transfers the rights to use the article and expresses consent to the processing of his PD by the Operator.

5.2.2. A co-author of the article, not being the corresponding author, for the subsequent presentation of information about the co-author during the uploading of the article by the corresponding author to the Journal’s website for its consideration by the Journal’s editorial board and publication in the Journal. By filling out the registration form, the User expresses consent to the processing of his PD by the Operator.

The processing by the Operator of the PD of the User registered as an Author/Co-author includes collection, recording, systematization, accumulation, storage, clarification (updating, changing), extraction, copying, use, transfer as part of the article metadata (provision, access), including dissemination, anonymization, blocking, deletion, and destruction of PD in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.
Having received a request from the Journal’s editorial board for review, with the offer attached, and expressing consent in response to the request to participate in the review, the Reviewer accepts the Offer – transfers the rights to use the subsequently prepared review and expresses consent to the processing of his PD by the Operator.

The processing by the Operator of the PD of the User registered as a Reviewer includes collection, systematization, accumulation, storage, clarification (updating, changing), extraction, copying, use, transfer to third parties (provision, access); anonymization, blocking, and destruction of personal data in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

At the same time, the transfer to third parties, namely and exclusively to LLC “Scientific Electronic Library” (eLIBRARY.ru) and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, includes the following PD of the reviewer: last name, first name, patronymic/second name (if available), academic degree, academic title, email, position, organization name; the transfer can be carried out only in case the Reviewer accepts the Offer.

The PD of the reviewer is not subject to dissemination.

The User has the right to withdraw their consent to the processing of PD by sending the Operator a corresponding notification to the email address of the Journal’s Editorial Board, specified in the “Contacts” section of the Journal’s website on the Portal.